It is caused by homozygous inheritance of genes for hemoglobin. read more, excessive water intake, sickle cell disease Sickle Cell Disease Sickle cell disease (a hemoglobinopathy) causes a chronic hemolytic anemia occurring almost exclusively in people with African ancestry. Symptoms develop slowly and in advanced stages include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, stomatitis, dysgeusia. read more, chronic renal failure Chronic Kidney Disease Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is long-standing, progressive deterioration of renal function. read more ], nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is an inability to concentrate urine due to impaired renal tubule response to vasopressin (ADH), which leads to excretion of large amounts of dilute urine. read more, arginine vasopressin deficiency ) due to a hypothalamic-pituitary disorder. Early symptoms are related to hyperglycemia and include polydipsia. read more ).Ĭonditions that increase urine volume (eg, diabetes mellitus Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents Diabetes mellitus involves absence of insulin secretion (type 1) or peripheral insulin resistance (type 2), causing hyperglycemia. ![]() read more ) ( 2 Pathophysiology references Urinary incontinence is defined as involuntary voiding of urine ≥ 2 times/month during the day or night the incontinence may be intermittent or continuous. Normal frequency and consistency of stool varies with children's age. It is defined as delay or difficulty in defecation. read more (UTI) or from anything that presses on the bladder (eg, a dilated rectum caused by constipation Constipation in Children Constipation is responsible for up to 5% of pediatric office visits. Bladder irritation can result from a urinary tract infection Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined by ≥ 5 × 10 4 colonies/mL in a catheterized urine specimen or, in older children, by repeated voided specimens with ≥ 10 5 colonies/mL. ![]() One example is bladder irritation, which can lead to irregular contractions of the bladder and asynchrony of the voiding sequence, resulting in incontinence. There are multiple reasons for dysfunction. If there is dysfunction in the coordination or sequence of voiding, incontinence can occur. In the voiding phase, bladder contraction synchronizes with the opening of the bladder neck and the external urinary sphincter.
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